{"language": "en", "segments": [{"text": "[...]", "start": 0.0, "stop": 7.38, "id": 0}, {"text": " Parula", "start": 20.1, "stop": 26.34, "id": 1}, {"text": " Rituhno Micro Focus,", "start": 26.34, "stop": 32.44, "id": 2}, {"text": " creators of visual programming tools for software development, is pleased to", "start": 33.08, "stop": 37.98, "id": 3}, {"text": " provide major funding for the Computer Chronicles, the story", "start": 37.98, "stop": 42.32, "id": 4}, {"text": " of this continuing evolution.", "start": 42.32, "stop": 44.42, "id": 5}, {"text": " Welcome to the Computer Chronicles.", "start": 51.800000000000004, "stop": 54.22, "id": 6}, {"text": " I'm Stuart Chafay and I'm turning the wrong knob here.", "start": 54.54, "stop": 57.12, "id": 7}, {"text": " This is Gary Kildall and this is Armatron, our noisy little robot here.", "start": 57.940000000000005, "stop": 62.06, "id": 8}, {"text": " We're using Armatron to demonstrate some of the basic things that a robot can do", "start": 62.52, "stop": 67.32, "id": 9}, {"text": " and even though this is a small toy, it really does demonstrate those things.", "start": 67.32, "stop": 70.06, "id": 10}, {"text": " For example, this robot has a shoulder which can turn along that axis.", "start": 70.14, "stop": 74.1, "id": 11}, {"text": " It can lift it by its shoulder or come down.", "start": 74.38, "stop": 76.8, "id": 12}, {"text": " It's got an elbow which it can bend.", "start": 77.34, "stop": 79.74, "id": 13}, {"text": " It has a wrist which it can move and it has a hand which it can open.", "start": 80.54, "stop": 86.06, "id": 14}, {"text": " It can actually do something that humans can't do.", "start": 86.33999999999999, "stop": 88.74, "id": 15}, {"text": " It can twist its wrist around that particular joint.", "start": 88.9, "stop": 92.14, "id": 16}, {"text": " Now, Gary, this is a small example of a robot.", "start": 93.4, "stop": 96.22, "id": 17}, {"text": " It's certainly not a computer.", "start": 96.34, "stop": 97.32, "id": 18}, {"text": " How do computers and robotics relate?", "start": 98.02, "stop": 100.24, "id": 19}, {"text": " Well, there are a whole lot of devices that are following this category of robots", "start": 100.98, "stop": 104.3, "id": 20}, {"text": " and they go from the simple show robots all the way up to sophisticated assembly", "start": 104.3, "stop": 107.9, "id": 21}, {"text": " line type of robot.", "start": 107.9, "stop": 109.76, "id": 22}, {"text": " In a show robot, for example, there's a human operator that somehow is", "start": 109.76, "stop": 116.06, "id": 23}, {"text": " communicating with this device, making it roll", "start": 116.06, "stop": 117.7, "id": 24}, {"text": " around, giving it brochures and things of that sort.", "start": 117.7, "stop": 119.52, "id": 25}, {"text": " But as we add more intelligence on", "start": 120.44, "stop": 121.86, "id": 26}, {"text": " board, then that's where the computer comes into play.", "start": 121.86, "stop": 123.58, "id": 27}, {"text": " The computer then controls all the devices, makes some on board", "start": 123.96, "stop": 126.62, "id": 28}, {"text": " decisions based on its own intelligence.", "start": 126.62, "stop": 128.2, "id": 29}, {"text": " Well, there's been a science fiction fascination with robots throughout this", "start": 129.08, "stop": 132.6, "id": 30}, {"text": " century, but the fictional robots bear little resemblance to today's real robots.", "start": 132.6, "stop": 136.94, "id": 31}, {"text": " The image of a robot has taken many different forms since the clockwork musicians", "start": 138.06, "stop": 142.84, "id": 32}, {"text": " and dolls of the 18th century.", "start": 142.84, "stop": 144.94, "id": 33}, {"text": " But during the mechanical age of the early 20th century, the robot became a", "start": 145.64, "stop": 149.56, "id": 34}, {"text": " frightening symbol of the future, threatening to transform the world into an over", "start": 149.56, "stop": 153.7, "id": 35}, {"text": "-mechanized, dehumanized society.", "start": 153.7, "stop": 156.36, "id": 36}, {"text": " In heavy industries, the worker was becoming an accessory to the machine,", "start": 157.14, "stop": 160.84, "id": 37}, {"text": " repeating the same task hundreds or thousands of times in precisely the same way.", "start": 161.34, "stop": 165.96, "id": 38}, {"text": " To those not benefiting directly from the new methods, mechanization of work and", "start": 166.3, "stop": 170.86, "id": 39}, {"text": " life called up bleak images of the future.", "start": 170.86, "stop": 173.56, "id": 40}, {"text": " Fritz Lang's Metropolis depicted the year 2000, a world divided between", "start": 174.54, "stop": 178.88, "id": 41}, {"text": " industrial barons and downtrodden workers, slaves to an underground machine city", "start": 178.88, "stop": 184.44, "id": 42}, {"text": " operating day and night.", "start": 184.44, "stop": 186.08, "id": 43}, {"text": " The drive for efficiency leads the city's master to consult an inventor who has", "start": 186.68, "stop": 191.0, "id": 44}, {"text": " devised the ultimate tool, a mechanical replacement", "start": 191.0, "stop": 194.16, "id": 45}, {"text": " for the imperfect human being.", "start": 194.16, "stop": 196.26, "id": 46}, {"text": " This remarkable film may not have been completely accurate in its predictions,", "start": 197.08, "stop": 200.52, "id": 47}, {"text": " but it anticipated a fictional idea of robots that persisted for decades after", "start": 200.78, "stop": 205.26, "id": 48}, {"text": " it, a human-made, human-like mechanism that behaves like its creator.", "start": 205.26, "stop": 210.14, "id": 49}, {"text": " More often than not, the machine tended to destroy its creator as well, prompting", "start": 211.18, "stop": 215.4, "id": 50}, {"text": " writer Isaac Asimov in 1947 to devise the first three laws of robotics.", "start": 215.4, "stop": 220.66, "id": 51}, {"text": " These prescriptions assume either a large degree of intelligence or, interpreted", "start": 229.79, "stop": 234.26, "id": 52}, {"text": " another way, programmed behavior, one of the principal criteria", "start": 234.26, "stop": 237.94, "id": 53}, {"text": " for modern robotic systems.", "start": 237.94, "stop": 239.98, "id": 54}, {"text": " While not usually designed with human characteristics, post-war robots were, from", "start": 240.72, "stop": 245.18, "id": 55}, {"text": " early on, capable of programmed motion.", "start": 245.18, "stop": 247.68, "id": 56}, {"text": " Servomechanisms, or feedback-controlled robots, began to appear", "start": 248.62, "stop": 252.02, "id": 57}, {"text": " in the late 1950s.", "start": 252.02, "stop": 253.56, "id": 58}, {"text": " From 1960 on, robots became useful adjuncts to a number of industries,", "start": 254.18, "stop": 258.22, "id": 59}, {"text": " particularly in jobs that were uncomfortable or hazardous to", "start": 258.68, "stop": 261.74, "id": 60}, {"text": " humans, like welding and painting.", "start": 261.74, "stop": 263.78, "id": 61}, {"text": " Repetitive functions as performed by the machine-like humans in Metropolis were", "start": 264.8, "stop": 268.46, "id": 62}, {"text": " being taken over by robots with more human-like capabilities, including sight,", "start": 268.46, "stop": 272.74, "id": 63}, {"text": " touch, and error detection.", "start": 273.12, "stop": 274.88, "id": 64}, {"text": " In some of the latest applications, CAD-CAM systems worked directly with a robot", "start": 275.76, "stop": 280.6, "id": 65}, {"text": " arm to transfer the design of a part from the video screen", "start": 280.6, "stop": 284.04, "id": 66}, {"text": " to the finished product.", "start": 284.04, "stop": 285.76, "id": 67}, {"text": " Joining us now is Dr. David Knitson, director of the robotics department at SRI", "start": 296.64, "stop": 301.08, "id": 68}, {"text": " International, and Matt Guerere, who's an executive with", "start": 301.08, "stop": 303.94, "id": 69}, {"text": " autobotics here in the Silicon Valley.", "start": 303.94, "stop": 305.9, "id": 70}, {"text": " David, I guess everybody has the idea that a robot should go around and wash your", "start": 307.46, "stop": 312.26, "id": 71}, {"text": " dishes and clean your house and so forth.", "start": 312.26, "stop": 313.96, "id": 72}, {"text": " But I have a feeling there's a lot more to robotics than that.", "start": 313.96, "stop": 316.0, "id": 73}, {"text": " Can you give us some idea what's going on in the industry?", "start": 316.12, "stop": 317.86, "id": 74}, {"text": " Well, industry has been using robotics for 15 years already.", "start": 319.3, "stop": 324.5, "id": 75}, {"text": " These are robots that are designed to do dirty jobs in industry.", "start": 324.88, "stop": 330.98, "id": 76}, {"text": " And they're doing them.", "start": 332.6, "stop": 334.04, "id": 77}, {"text": " What do you mean by a dirty job?", "start": 334.64, "stop": 336.36, "id": 78}, {"text": " Well, undesired jobs, jobs that are hard, strenuous, dangerous,", "start": 336.86, "stop": 343.82, "id": 79}, {"text": " harmful, and lethal.", "start": 344.66, "stop": 347.6, "id": 80}, {"text": " What is an example of something like a dirty job that would be a lethal", "start": 348.58, "stop": 351.68, "id": 81}, {"text": " job, something you've seen going on?", "start": 351.68, "stop": 353.4, "id": 82}, {"text": " Lethal is not yet in operation.", "start": 354.28, "stop": 357.84, "id": 83}, {"text": " This would be in the future.", "start": 358.16, "stop": 359.48, "id": 84}, {"text": " I mean, by that I mean jobs in a hot environment, nuclear", "start": 359.48, "stop": 365.82, "id": 85}, {"text": " power plants and the like.", "start": 365.82, "stop": 367.78, "id": 86}, {"text": " But examples of undesired jobs is handling workpieces", "start": 368.62, "stop": 375.44, "id": 87}, {"text": " in a hot environment.", "start": 375.44, "stop": 379.22, "id": 88}, {"text": " What about in assembly language control?", "start": 379.46, "stop": 381.02, "id": 89}, {"text": " Some not control, but doing assembly processes.", "start": 381.5, "stop": 383.74, "id": 90}, {"text": " I know the Japanese have been very heavily involved in that.", "start": 384.08, "stop": 386.14, "id": 91}, {"text": " What's going on in just an industrial use of robotics?", "start": 386.24, "stop": 388.34, "id": 92}, {"text": " Well, that's the other kind of deadly job, the humanizingly dull jobs that are so", "start": 388.34, "stop": 392.98, "id": 93}, {"text": " common in a lot of our factories, which Americans have demonstrated", "start": 392.98, "stop": 396.96, "id": 94}, {"text": " a strong dislike for.", "start": 396.96, "stop": 398.68, "id": 95}, {"text": " And it's the reason why a lot of our production is going offshore.", "start": 398.78, "stop": 400.96, "id": 96}, {"text": " And what's being done now, I think, in industry is that we're addressing those", "start": 402.02, "stop": 405.12, "id": 97}, {"text": " kinds of mundane assembly tasks and taking the dehumanizing jobs and giving them", "start": 405.12, "stop": 410.52, "id": 98}, {"text": " to machines to free up human beings for more", "start": 410.52, "stop": 413.12, "id": 99}, {"text": " creative, more challenging kinds of work.", "start": 413.12, "stop": 414.84, "id": 100}, {"text": " Yeah, but you see, a very important point about assembly is that here the", "start": 414.84, "stop": 420.54, "id": 101}, {"text": " competition is very strong because to do assembly is a very", "start": 420.54, "stop": 427.08, "id": 102}, {"text": " complex task, especially if it's done in unstructured environments, not", "start": 427.08, "stop": 433.78, "id": 103}, {"text": " when pieces are jigged, if it's done like people.", "start": 433.78, "stop": 437.72, "id": 104}, {"text": " On the other hand, assembly people", "start": 437.72, "stop": 444.36, "id": 105}, {"text": " on assembly line, people working on assembly line, are paid very little.", "start": 444.36, "stop": 449.2, "id": 106}, {"text": " There are a lot of women that are working on assembly", "start": 451.08, "stop": 454.36, "id": 107}, {"text": " line, and they are underpaid.", "start": 454.36, "stop": 456.18, "id": 108}, {"text": " So it's a double slam. On one hand, it's complex.", "start": 457.72, "stop": 460.76, "id": 109}, {"text": " On the other hand, you have to compete with very cheap labor.", "start": 461.16, "stop": 463.84, "id": 110}, {"text": " And the labor becomes even cheaper when it goes to", "start": 464.64, "stop": 467.88, "id": 111}, {"text": " Mexico or it goes to East Asia.", "start": 467.88, "stop": 469.6, "id": 112}, {"text": " So that's where the challenge is.", "start": 470.18, "stop": 472.02, "id": 113}, {"text": " On the other hand, with the undesired jobs, like heat treatment or die casting or", "start": 472.54, "stop": 478.8, "id": 114}, {"text": " forging or arc welding, where the cost for the", "start": 478.8, "stop": 485.2, "id": 115}, {"text": " workers is high and it's a very undesired job, and it's very easy to", "start": 485.2, "stop": 490.84, "id": 116}, {"text": " do, that's more cost effective.", "start": 490.84, "stop": 493.08, "id": 117}, {"text": " I guess one of the differentiating factors in robots that are used, say,", "start": 494.02, "stop": 499.3, "id": 118}, {"text": " industrial in applications of that sort, that you can build a very precise robot", "start": 499.38, "stop": 503.86, "id": 119}, {"text": " that, say, would weld within a few millimeters of where it should weld, or you", "start": 503.86, "stop": 507.88, "id": 120}, {"text": " could use, say, vision processing to figure out where the object is and to", "start": 507.88, "stop": 511.14, "id": 121}, {"text": " manipulate it with very coarse mechanical devices.", "start": 511.14, "stop": 513.44, "id": 122}, {"text": " Or, as David points out, putting the robot into a structured environment, such as", "start": 513.94, "stop": 518.72, "id": 123}, {"text": " an integrated work cell, where the work is presented to the robot in such a way", "start": 518.72, "stop": 522.9, "id": 124}, {"text": " that it doesn't require the extreme accuracy or sensory capability that some of", "start": 522.9, "stop": 528.04, "id": 125}, {"text": " the anthropomorphic machines currently require.", "start": 528.04, "stop": 530.0, "id": 126}, {"text": " Henry Ford revolutionized American industry by bringing the work", "start": 531.1600000000001, "stop": 535.6, "id": 127}, {"text": " to the worker on the assembly line.", "start": 535.6, "stop": 537.18, "id": 128}, {"text": " And we see a very similar trend as a necessary part of the evolution of robotics", "start": 537.74, "stop": 542.44, "id": 129}, {"text": " in American industry, where we structure the workplace to suit the robot and make", "start": 542.44, "stop": 547.22, "id": 130}, {"text": " the robot easier to integrate into the overall scheme.", "start": 547.22, "stop": 550.3, "id": 131}, {"text": " And that's really applied robotics. It's a different set of problems than the", "start": 551.02, "stop": 555.48, "id": 132}, {"text": " technologies necessary to anthropomorphize machines, which is the basic", "start": 555.48, "stop": 559.54, "id": 133}, {"text": " research being done in robotics now.", "start": 559.54, "stop": 561.22, "id": 134}, {"text": " And I would like to make a very important point, I think is an important point,", "start": 561.7, "stop": 564.68, "id": 135}, {"text": " and that is that people worry about unemployment and so on.", "start": 564.92, "stop": 569.46, "id": 136}, {"text": " I want to make an observation, which I think is important.", "start": 569.46, "stop": 573.86, "id": 137}, {"text": " The number of blue-collar workers that have been displaced or replaced so far by", "start": 574.5, "stop": 580.26, "id": 138}, {"text": " industrial robots is very, very small.", "start": 580.26, "stop": 584.06, "id": 139}, {"text": " And the projection, if we extrapolate from the past for the next five to ten", "start": 585.14, "stop": 590.58, "id": 140}, {"text": " years, is also going to have a very small impact on the labor force.", "start": 590.58, "stop": 595.3, "id": 141}, {"text": " And my point is that I think the main reason for this is the fact that", "start": 597.38, "stop": 603.96, "id": 142}, {"text": " today's robots are not intelligent.", "start": 603.96, "stop": 606.0, "id": 143}, {"text": " They cannot compete effectively with human workers.", "start": 607.1, "stop": 611.04, "id": 144}, {"text": " Now, is that changing, though, with the applications, say, artificial", "start": 611.58, "stop": 614.56, "id": 145}, {"text": " intelligence and, say, knowledge-based systems? Are those a factor in what's", "start": 614.56, "stop": 618.46, "id": 146}, {"text": " going on?", "start": 618.46, "stop": 625.22, "id": 147}, {"text": " [...] we have very simple pick-and-place mechanical devices that, for example,", "start": 625.22, "stop": 628.86, "id": 148}, {"text": " the Japanese would call robots and we don't, to the very esoteric applications,", "start": 628.96, "stop": 633.52, "id": 149}, {"text": " which require lots of intelligence, lots of sensory capability.", "start": 633.52, "stop": 637.82, "id": 150}, {"text": " But there's a broad spectrum of applications somewhere in the middle, where if", "start": 638.34, "stop": 641.82, "id": 151}, {"text": " you select the application properly, then, in fact, the machine can be very cost", "start": 641.82, "stop": 646.38, "id": 152}, {"text": "-effective and very competitive with a minimal amount of intelligence.", "start": 646.38, "stop": 649.9, "id": 153}, {"text": " Ultimately, we will have to go to intelligent machines and distributed", "start": 650.92, "stop": 654.6, "id": 154}, {"text": " intelligence architectures, where the robotic elements in a totally automated", "start": 654.6, "stop": 659.62, "id": 155}, {"text": " factory would be in communication through several levels of computer hierarchy.", "start": 659.62, "stop": 664.48, "id": 156}, {"text": " Matt, you mentioned the Japanese, and the perception is that the Japanese", "start": 665.52, "stop": 668.68, "id": 157}, {"text": " are ahead of us in robotics.", "start": 668.68, "stop": 670.48, "id": 158}, {"text": " And you kind of pointed out a fine line in terms of defining what a robot is.", "start": 670.74, "stop": 673.86, "id": 159}, {"text": " What is your version of what's going on in terms of", "start": 674.72, "stop": 676.7, "id": 160}, {"text": " research in Japan and this country in robots?", "start": 676.7, "stop": 678.4, "id": 161}, {"text": " I would say that the Japanese are ahead of", "start": 678.4, "stop": 680.24, "id": 162}, {"text": " us in terms of automating their factories.", "start": 680.24, "stop": 681.78, "id": 163}, {"text": " And their way of automating the factories is a very systematic approach of", "start": 682.72, "stop": 686.74, "id": 164}, {"text": " looking at a factory as a unit of production and going in and solving the problem", "start": 686.74, "stop": 691.44, "id": 165}, {"text": " systematically from the bottom end up, looking for the easiest applications that", "start": 691.44, "stop": 695.3, "id": 166}, {"text": " they can resolve, learning in the process, and then moving on to", "start": 695.3, "stop": 698.36, "id": 167}, {"text": " the next most difficult applications.", "start": 698.36, "stop": 699.86, "id": 168}, {"text": " And we see that as a very logical way of", "start": 700.46, "stop": 703.8, "id": 169}, {"text": " introducing automation into our factories.", "start": 703.8, "stop": 706.02, "id": 170}, {"text": " On the other hand, Americans are way ahead, I think, in terms of some of the", "start": 706.8, "stop": 711.46, "id": 171}, {"text": " technologies associated with the anthropomorphic machine.", "start": 711.46, "stop": 714.9, "id": 172}, {"text": " Certainly, vision systems, I think we have a lead over the Japanese and perhaps", "start": 715.32, "stop": 719.04, "id": 173}, {"text": " some of the other sensory areas.", "start": 719.04, "stop": 722.02, "id": 174}, {"text": " But it's becoming a world business, and Fanuk Limited, which is one of the", "start": 722.74, "stop": 726.0, "id": 175}, {"text": " leading manufacturers in Japan, has just signed the joint", "start": 726.0, "stop": 729.18, "id": 176}, {"text": " licensing agreement with General Motors.", "start": 729.18, "stop": 730.68, "id": 177}, {"text": " GMF is now going to be, if not already, the", "start": 731.78, "stop": 734.8, "id": 178}, {"text": " leading supplier of automation systems.", "start": 734.8, "stop": 736.32, "id": 179}, {"text": " Gentlemen, I have to interrupt because we're going to take a short break and then", "start": 736.42, "stop": 739.08, "id": 180}, {"text": " come back and meet two personal robots, Hero from Heathkit and TeachMover from", "start": 739.08, "stop": 743.4, "id": 181}, {"text": " Microbot. That's coming up in just a moment.", "start": 743.4, "stop": 745.24, "id": 182}, {"text": " This is George Oliver, president of George L. Oliver Company, who distributes the", "start": 750.84, "stop": 756.18, "id": 183}, {"text": " Hero 1 robot here in Northern California.", "start": 756.18, "stop": 757.96, "id": 184}, {"text": " And George, maybe you could get Hero to give us", "start": 757.96, "stop": 761.32, "id": 185}, {"text": " a basic demonstration of what it does.", "start": 761.32, "stop": 762.92, "id": 186}, {"text": " I am [...]", "start": 795.86, "stop": 797.7, "id": 187}, {"text": " George, how much weight can that arm hold?", "start": 805.1600000000001, "stop": 807.58, "id": 188}, {"text": " It can hold about eight ounces extended and about a", "start": 808.24, "stop": 810.5, "id": 189}, {"text": " pound when it's fully retracted.", "start": 810.5, "stop": 812.06, "id": 190}, {"text": " And what kind of functional use could this arm perform?", "start": 812.82, "stop": 815.52, "id": 191}, {"text": " Oh, that arm could do things like pick up items from one assembly", "start": 816.2399999999999, "stop": 820.4, "id": 192}, {"text": " line and move them over to another.", "start": 820.4, "stop": 822.06, "id": 193}, {"text": " I have used my wrist.", "start": 824.4, "stop": 826.36, "id": 194}, {"text": " I have used my wrist.", "start": 829.28, "stop": 830.92, "id": 195}, {"text": " Does Hero have the same normal axes of movement that", "start": 840.4599999999999, "stop": 843.62, "id": 196}, {"text": " an industrial robot might have?", "start": 843.62, "stop": 845.2, "id": 197}, {"text": " Yes, Hero has six axes of motion like a class three industrial robot.", "start": 845.46, "stop": 849.56, "id": 198}, {"text": " And I am movable.", "start": 851.08, "stop": 852.5, "id": 199}, {"text": " I think I made an excellent bet. I'm leaving downstream.", "start": 858.1999999999999, "stop": 862.42, "id": 200}, {"text": " Is he finished?", "start": 865.1, "stop": 865.62, "id": 201}, {"text": " I am here already.", "start": 866.38, "stop": 867.5, "id": 202}, {"text": " I'll stop him now.", "start": 868.44, "stop": 869.28, "id": 203}, {"text": " George, before we take his clothes off and see what's inside him, tell me, I see", "start": 869.88, "stop": 872.7, "id": 204}, {"text": " there's a keyboard and an LED display here. What do you do with that?", "start": 872.7, "stop": 876.1, "id": 205}, {"text": " Yes, this is used for data entry, Stu, and the LED display is to tell you where", "start": 876.1, "stop": 881.72, "id": 206}, {"text": " your information is stored within the processor.", "start": 881.72, "stop": 884.18, "id": 207}, {"text": " So you can program him through this keyboard?", "start": 884.18, "stop": 887.0, "id": 208}, {"text": " Yes.", "start": 887.24, "stop": 887.44, "id": 209}, {"text": " And I see you have a kind of breadboard here. What do you use that for?", "start": 888.24, "stop": 890.68, "id": 210}, {"text": " Yes, that can be used by students studying interfacing circuits.", "start": 890.8, "stop": 893.96, "id": 211}, {"text": " Okay, let's take his panels off and see if we can look inside Hero and see what", "start": 894.38, "stop": 898.74, "id": 212}, {"text": " makes him tick, if that's what he does.", "start": 898.74, "stop": 900.36, "id": 213}, {"text": " Okay, I'll help you with the back one if you want to use the front one there.", "start": 905.1999999999999, "stop": 908.22, "id": 214}, {"text": " Okay, let's take a look at the front here, George, and what do we have over here?", "start": 908.76, "stop": 913.54, "id": 215}, {"text": " Okay, this is your main circuit board here with your microprocessor and all of", "start": 914.02, "stop": 918.56, "id": 216}, {"text": " the various ICs that interact with the other boards.", "start": 918.56, "stop": 921.46, "id": 217}, {"text": " Okay, can I spin them around here while we talk?", "start": 921.62, "stop": 923.34, "id": 218}, {"text": " Now, these various boards here are the sensor boards that operate", "start": 924.12, "stop": 928.74, "id": 219}, {"text": " with the various sensors again.", "start": 928.74, "stop": 930.34, "id": 220}, {"text": " This is the main drive control board. This one is the sonar", "start": 930.52, "stop": 934.92, "id": 221}, {"text": " transmitter and receiver board.", "start": 934.92, "stop": 936.56, "id": 222}, {"text": " And around here we have the sonar board and the main drive board.", "start": 937.74, "stop": 944.26, "id": 223}, {"text": " And around here we have the voice synthesis board and", "start": 945.02, "stop": 949.22, "id": 224}, {"text": " one of the other sensor boards here.", "start": 949.22, "stop": 951.6, "id": 225}, {"text": " Okay, mainly you use Hero as a training robot, as an educational robot, right?", "start": 952.16, "stop": 956.32, "id": 226}, {"text": " Yes, he's designed to be used by the", "start": 956.34, "stop": 958.2, "id": 227}, {"text": " student and the laboratory to study robotics.", "start": 958.2, "stop": 959.72, "id": 228}, {"text": " Okay, well, George, thanks so much, and now we'll go back to Gary.", "start": 959.72, "stop": 962.38, "id": 229}, {"text": " As Stuart joins us on the set, I'd like to introduce Dusty Rhodes", "start": 964.14, "stop": 966.86, "id": 230}, {"text": " and John Hill of Microbotics.", "start": 966.86, "stop": 968.46, "id": 231}, {"text": " Dusty, you have a device here that", "start": 969.24, "stop": 970.48, "id": 232}, {"text": " looks very interesting. Are you going to show us about that?", "start": 970.48, "stop": 972.02, "id": 233}, {"text": " We sure will. This is our TeachMover, which is a developmental robot used by", "start": 972.4, "stop": 977.06, "id": 234}, {"text": " industrial engineers to develop work cells in the", "start": 977.06, "stop": 978.98, "id": 235}, {"text": " factory, also for training engineers.", "start": 978.98, "stop": 980.86, "id": 236}, {"text": " Let me show you one of the little tricks and games it can play.", "start": 981.28, "stop": 985.02, "id": 237}, {"text": " This is the block stacking game.", "start": 985.4, "stop": 986.78, "id": 238}, {"text": " And it will find the large block and put it in the middle.", "start": 990.58, "stop": 994.16, "id": 239}, {"text": " The robot has a sensor that can sense how large the device is, and here it", "start": 995.46, "stop": 1000.02, "id": 240}, {"text": " says, I have the large block, I'll put it in the middle.", "start": 1000.02, "stop": 1001.66, "id": 241}, {"text": " Now it knows to go back to the previous location for the smaller block", "start": 1004.92, "stop": 1007.82, "id": 242}, {"text": " and put it on top.", "start": 1007.82, "stop": 1011.14, "id": 243}, {"text": " I'll let it go on for just a moment and show what happens if it finds no block.", "start": 1013.7, "stop": 1016.88, "id": 244}, {"text": " Now, oftentimes, we go over and put the blocks", "start": 1018.06, "stop": 1019.98, "id": 245}, {"text": " in different places and try to fool it.", "start": 1019.98, "stop": 1021.62, "id": 246}, {"text": " But like a worker who's confused by instructions, if it looks for no", "start": 1022.14, "stop": 1025.68, "id": 247}, {"text": " block without work, it goes and sits down.", "start": 1025.68, "stop": 1027.4, "id": 248}, {"text": " During the setup for this, you have blocks placed around into various", "start": 1028.36, "stop": 1032.86, "id": 249}, {"text": " positions, and it wasn't able to find them.", "start": 1032.86, "stop": 1034.68, "id": 250}, {"text": " I assume that's because the sensing mechanism doesn't have any vision and so", "start": 1035.72, "stop": 1039.94, "id": 251}, {"text": " forth. Is that going to be added to this kind of device?", "start": 1039.94, "stop": 1043.0, "id": 252}, {"text": " That's true. John could talk about adding a vision to the workflow of the robot.", "start": 1043.42, "stop": 1047.18, "id": 253}, {"text": " Well, if a robot had a camera interface to it such that the camera was looking", "start": 1049.24, "stop": 1054.72, "id": 254}, {"text": " down over the work area, the computer could process the image and locate the", "start": 1054.72, "stop": 1061.1, "id": 255}, {"text": " particular block and direct the robot to go there.", "start": 1061.1, "stop": 1062.94, "id": 256}, {"text": " That would be possible. In these instances, then the", "start": 1063.34, "stop": 1066.0, "id": 257}, {"text": " robot could just automatically grab it.", "start": 1066.0, "stop": 1067.64, "id": 258}, {"text": " I know that David has worked with vision", "start": 1068.2, "stop": 1069.64, "id": 259}, {"text": " some. Do you have anything to add to that?", "start": 1069.64, "stop": 1071.16, "id": 260}, {"text": " Yeah, I agree with John. You could improve this by adding not just vision.", "start": 1071.16, "stop": 1076.32, "id": 261}, {"text": " You can have range and touch sensing and not just a micro switch like this robot", "start": 1076.5, "stop": 1080.24, "id": 262}, {"text": " has more an array of touch sensors.", "start": 1080.24, "stop": 1083.36, "id": 263}, {"text": " Also, you could add some smarts into it so it knows what it is doing. And if it", "start": 1083.62, "stop": 1088.16, "id": 264}, {"text": " makes an error, it will blow the whistle.", "start": 1088.16, "stop": 1091.02, "id": 265}, {"text": " David, where are we in adding smarts to robots?", "start": 1091.86, "stop": 1094.86, "id": 266}, {"text": " Well, we are struggling.", "start": 1096.06, "stop": 1097.96, "id": 267}, {"text": " Sensors are being added to robots today and they are applied gradually in", "start": 1101.06, "stop": 1106.98, "id": 268}, {"text": " industry.", "start": 1106.98, "stop": 1108.66, "id": 269}, {"text": " There are other applications of robots that would have to have sensors.", "start": 1109.5, "stop": 1113.06, "id": 270}, {"text": " These are unstructured environments such as in the military or agriculture, in", "start": 1113.4, "stop": 1119.5, "id": 271}, {"text": " medical institutions, etc. or home use, too.", "start": 1119.5, "stop": 1125.66, "id": 272}, {"text": " This is an area that is very difficult because robots are too dumb today to do", "start": 1126.6, "stop": 1131.06, "id": 273}, {"text": " this job which requires a lot of intelligence.", "start": 1131.06, "stop": 1133.08, "id": 274}, {"text": " Do you see the field of personal robots growing as personal computers did, or", "start": 1134.26, "stop": 1138.44, "id": 275}, {"text": " robotics moving in the direction of computers?", "start": 1138.44, "stop": 1140.16, "id": 276}, {"text": " I put my bets more on the more application-oriented", "start": 1141.8000000000002, "stop": 1147.62, "id": 277}, {"text": " robots, such as I mentioned.", "start": 1147.62, "stop": 1149.14, "id": 278}, {"text": " The hobby is okay, but that is not where the big money would be other than", "start": 1149.86, "stop": 1154.38, "id": 279}, {"text": " on a toy level.", "start": 1154.38, "stop": 1155.94, "id": 280}, {"text": " But if you take a parallel with a micro computer, a popularity of micro computers", "start": 1156.46, "stop": 1161.18, "id": 281}, {"text": " and personal computers, a lot of that was a grassroots effort.", "start": 1161.18, "stop": 1163.84, "id": 282}, {"text": " The invention of the Apple, for example, by Steve Wozniak was a", "start": 1165.26, "stop": 1168.3, "id": 283}, {"text": " technical hobbyist endeavor.", "start": 1168.3, "stop": 1170.02, "id": 284}, {"text": " It is kind of exciting to me to see robotics come", "start": 1170.5, "stop": 1173.34, "id": 285}, {"text": " through that grassroots evolution.", "start": 1173.34, "stop": 1175.18, "id": 286}, {"text": " I agree with you. I think it is wonderful. I think there is a good analogy", "start": 1175.9199999999998, "stop": 1179.04, "id": 287}, {"text": " between computers and robots.", "start": 1179.04, "stop": 1180.88, "id": 288}, {"text": " Just like computers started just for commercial and scientific", "start": 1181.34, "stop": 1184.3, "id": 289}, {"text": " applications, now it is all over our life.", "start": 1184.3, "stop": 1186.38, "id": 290}, {"text": " I think the same thing is going to happen with robots.", "start": 1186.82, "stop": 1188.66, "id": 291}, {"text": " I think it is a great idea that there are a lot of hobbyists that are getting", "start": 1188.98, "stop": 1192.54, "id": 292}, {"text": " into it because there is a new generation now that would not be afraid of robots,", "start": 1192.54, "stop": 1198.22, "id": 293}, {"text": " that would be able to apply it in many areas of our life.", "start": 1198.72, "stop": 1203.14, "id": 294}, {"text": " David, something like this is relatively simple. I mean, it is", "start": 1203.6799999999998, "stop": 1206.8, "id": 295}, {"text": " an arm that can pick things up and so on.", "start": 1206.8, "stop": 1208.36, "id": 296}, {"text": " You talked before about not only replacing blue-collar work with robots, but", "start": 1208.44, "stop": 1212.2, "id": 297}, {"text": " even white-collar work. How do you do that?", "start": 1212.2, "stop": 1213.78, "id": 298}, {"text": " Well, you saw what Dosti was doing. He was using this teaching box", "start": 1213.98, "stop": 1220.7, "id": 299}, {"text": " to tell a robot what to do.", "start": 1220.7, "stop": 1223.0, "id": 300}, {"text": " And if this information that he has in his head could be transferred into an", "start": 1223.66, "stop": 1229.32, "id": 301}, {"text": " automatic system, it could be done.", "start": 1229.32, "stop": 1230.82, "id": 302}, {"text": " Specifically, a computer-aided design database includes all the information that", "start": 1230.82, "stop": 1236.52, "id": 303}, {"text": " is needed to perform a certain job.", "start": 1236.52, "stop": 1238.46, "id": 304}, {"text": " Now, we can eliminate the trainer that uses the teach pendant to move the robot", "start": 1239.18, "stop": 1245.56, "id": 305}, {"text": " and tell it what to do by using self-teaching and self-calibration, that all the", "start": 1245.56, "stop": 1252.48, "id": 306}, {"text": " information would be transferred to a computer and with the sensors would tell", "start": 1252.48, "stop": 1258.16, "id": 307}, {"text": " the robot where to find things and calibrate itself and then do the job.", "start": 1258.16, "stop": 1263.04, "id": 308}, {"text": " Okay, Gary. Well, if you and I aren't replaced by robots, we'll be here again", "start": 1264.26, "stop": 1267.38, "id": 309}, {"text": " next week for another edition of The Computer Chronicles.", "start": 1267.38, "stop": 1269.7, "id": 310}, {"text": " [...] Computer Chronicles is pleased to provide major funding for The Computer", "start": 1311.5600000000002, "stop": 1315.66, "id": 311}, {"text": " Chronicles, the story of this continuing evolution.", "start": 1315.66, "stop": 1319.6, "id": 312}, {"text": " [...] Chronicles is made possible by a grant from Byte, the small systems", "start": 1349.88, "stop": 1354.52, "id": 313}, {"text": " journal, publishers of a monthly magazine on microcomputer technology and", "start": 1354.52, "stop": 1359.1, "id": 314}, {"text": " innovative projects in the world of computing.", "start": 1359.1, "stop": 1361.64, "id": 315}, {"text": " In the random access file this week, the TV news stories may all be about Cabbage", "start": 1362.72, "stop": 1367.3, "id": 316}, {"text": " Patch dolls, but the real hot Christmas gift this year is unquestionably", "start": 1367.3, "stop": 1370.62, "id": 317}, {"text": " the low-priced home computer.", "start": 1370.62, "stop": 1372.3, "id": 318}, {"text": " Analysts now say 2.5 million computers will be under the Christmas tree this", "start": 1372.86, "stop": 1376.68, "id": 319}, {"text": " weekend, replacing last year's winner, Video Games,", "start": 1376.68, "stop": 1379.44, "id": 320}, {"text": " as the most popular Christmas present.", "start": 1379.7, "stop": 1381.44, "id": 321}, {"text": " And if industry figures are right, that will mean over a million computers thrown", "start": 1382.32, "stop": 1386.14, "id": 322}, {"text": " into the closet in just a few weeks, saturating even more the growing", "start": 1386.14, "stop": 1389.78, "id": 323}, {"text": " supply of used computers.", "start": 1389.78, "stop": 1391.28, "id": 324}, {"text": " That's leading to a fast-growing new business, Computer Swap", "start": 1391.28, "stop": 1394.42, "id": 325}, {"text": " Meets and Used Computer Stores.", "start": 1394.42, "stop": 1396.16, "id": 326}, {"text": " Computer Swap America, based in Palo Alto, will be expanding to five other cities", "start": 1396.9, "stop": 1400.52, "id": 327}, {"text": " across the country next year, and the Interstate Computer Bank, which used to", "start": 1400.52, "stop": 1404.5, "id": 328}, {"text": " sell used computers through the mail, has now opened up a storefront", "start": 1404.5, "stop": 1407.68, "id": 329}, {"text": " operation in Mountain View.", "start": 1407.68, "stop": 1409.3, "id": 330}, {"text": " Atari and Activision are hoping to pump some new life into the slumping video", "start": 1410.08, "stop": 1413.6, "id": 331}, {"text": " game business the two largest video game suppliers announced this week a joint", "start": 1413.6, "stop": 1417.68, "id": 332}, {"text": " venture to distribute new video games via broadcast technology.", "start": 1417.68, "stop": 1421.34, "id": 333}, {"text": " They'll test out the new system early next year, and they say they hope to expand", "start": 1421.7, "stop": 1425.3, "id": 334}, {"text": " their service to include non-game software.", "start": 1425.3, "stop": 1427.98, "id": 335}, {"text": " Well, if Christmas 83 belongs to computers, the new year of 1984 may", "start": 1429.48, "stop": 1433.86, "id": 336}, {"text": " be called the year of the mouse.", "start": 1433.86, "stop": 1435.38, "id": 337}, {"text": " Analysts are saying the mouse business may grow to more than $10 million next", "start": 1435.92, "stop": 1439.52, "id": 338}, {"text": " year, and the consensus of opinion seems to be that the optical mouse", "start": 1439.52, "stop": 1443.04, "id": 339}, {"text": " will replace the mechanical mouse.", "start": 1443.04, "stop": 1445.02, "id": 340}, {"text": " One of the leaders in the field is Mouse Systems Corporation of Santa Clara. They", "start": 1445.54, "stop": 1449.36, "id": 341}, {"text": " expect to more than quadruple their business next year. 1984 will certainly be", "start": 1449.36, "stop": 1455.0, "id": 342}, {"text": " the year of the semiconductor. Estimates are now that chip industry sales will", "start": 1455.0, "stop": 1458.66, "id": 343}, {"text": " grow by more than 30% next year. In fact, domestic orders in November hit an all", "start": 1458.66, "stop": 1463.68, "id": 344}, {"text": "-time high of $1 billion.", "start": 1463.68, "stop": 1465.18, "id": 345}, {"text": " Indeed, the stock market has turned the chip companies into their favorites this", "start": 1466.38, "stop": 1470.22, "id": 346}, {"text": " fall after dumping on many other high-tech stocks. As the year ends, let's take a", "start": 1470.22, "stop": 1474.32, "id": 347}, {"text": " look at the year's big winners and losers.", "start": 1474.32, "stop": 1475.96, "id": 348}, {"text": " The winners were Intel, selling around 41 after hitting a low of 17 this year,", "start": 1475.96, "stop": 1481.5, "id": 349}, {"text": " National Semi, selling at nearly 16 after plunging to below 7 earlier in the", "start": 1482.2, "stop": 1486.32, "id": 350}, {"text": " year, other strong finishers are Tandem and Genentech.", "start": 1486.32, "stop": 1489.74, "id": 351}, {"text": " On the losing side are Activision, selling near $4 after hitting nearly 13", "start": 1490.46, "stop": 1495.2, "id": 352}, {"text": " earlier this year, and Eagle, down below 9 after hitting nearly 25.", "start": 1495.2, "stop": 1499.68, "id": 353}, {"text": " Other losers were Apple, down considerably from its high, and Telavideo,", "start": 1499.68, "stop": 1504.1, "id": 354}, {"text": " also near its yearly low.", "start": 1504.52, "stop": 1506.12, "id": 355}, {"text": " If you're into the stock market, don't throw away that computer. Value Line has", "start": 1507.16, "stop": 1510.84, "id": 356}, {"text": " announced a new monthly software service called Value Screen.", "start": 1510.84, "stop": 1514.2, "id": 357}, {"text": " For about $500 a year, Value Line will send you a new disk every month, measuring", "start": 1514.74, "stop": 1519.5, "id": 358}, {"text": " 32 factors for each of some 1,600 common stocks.", "start": 1519.5, "stop": 1523.26, "id": 359}, {"text": " You can program the disks to look for certain key criteria and have the computer", "start": 1523.26, "stop": 1527.56, "id": 360}, {"text": " recommend transactions.", "start": 1527.56, "stop": 1529.16, "id": 361}, {"text": " The Osborne Company is back, though in a very different form. Osborne's creditors", "start": 1530.44, "stop": 1533.8, "id": 362}, {"text": " have reportedly agreed to a reorganization under new", "start": 1533.8, "stop": 1536.4, "id": 363}, {"text": " president and CEO Ronald Brown.", "start": 1536.4, "stop": 1538.24, "id": 364}, {"text": " Osborne will get out of manufacturing, probably out of the domestic market, and", "start": 1539.14, "stop": 1542.8, "id": 365}, {"text": " will focus on its new IBM-compatible executive model.", "start": 1542.8, "stop": 1546.32, "id": 366}, {"text": " Rumors are flying over pending upgrades in the IBM PCjr. Luke Warm Press has", "start": 1547.54, "stop": 1552.62, "id": 367}, {"text": " reportedly sent IBM back to the drawing boards.", "start": 1552.62, "stop": 1555.06, "id": 368}, {"text": " High on the list is an upgraded keyboard after many complaints about the", "start": 1555.54, "stop": 1559.0, "id": 369}, {"text": " chiclet-style junior keyboard.", "start": 1559.0, "stop": 1560.5, "id": 370}, {"text": " There's also talk of adapting the junior to enable it to handle two disk drives.", "start": 1560.98, "stop": 1565.1, "id": 371}, {"text": " Apple finally made some progress this week in its battle to stop the", "start": 1566.28, "stop": 1569.1, "id": 372}, {"text": " trade in fake Apple computers.", "start": 1569.1, "stop": 1570.6, "id": 373}, {"text": " For a while, the problem of the fake Apples was thought to be limited to", "start": 1570.6, "stop": 1574.12, "id": 374}, {"text": " Southeast Asia, but the phony Apples have", "start": 1574.12, "stop": 1576.3, "id": 375}, {"text": " started showing up right here in California.", "start": 1576.3, "stop": 1577.92, "id": 376}, {"text": " This week, U.S. Customs officials seized about 400 fake Apples from computer", "start": 1578.62, "stop": 1582.88, "id": 377}, {"text": " dealers in San Francisco, Santa Ana, and Cupertino.", "start": 1582.88, "stop": 1586.02, "id": 378}, {"text": " Criminal charges are pending.", "start": 1586.68, "stop": 1587.94, "id": 379}, {"text": " We all know and use Basic at one time or another,", "start": 1589.16, "stop": 1591.44, "id": 380}, {"text": " but do you know who wrote Basic?", "start": 1591.6, "stop": 1593.16, "id": 381}, {"text": " Two Dartmouth professors, John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz, and they hardly made a", "start": 1593.54, "stop": 1597.48, "id": 382}, {"text": " penny off one of the most widely used languages.", "start": 1597.48, "stop": 1599.68, "id": 383}, {"text": " They're going to try again with a new language they call True Basic, a supposedly", "start": 1600.6, "stop": 1604.6, "id": 384}, {"text": " universal basic that will run on almost all machines.", "start": 1604.6, "stop": 1607.56, "id": 385}, {"text": " It's due out late next year.", "start": 1608.18, "stop": 1609.86, "id": 386}, {"text": " And if you're into this kind of thing, you may get excited about knowing that the", "start": 1610.94, "stop": 1614.38, "id": 387}, {"text": " world's record was broken last week for factoring the largest number.", "start": 1614.38, "stop": 1618.38, "id": 388}, {"text": " A Cray-1 supercomputer in Albuquerque, New Mexico factored a 67-digit number", "start": 1618.76, "stop": 1624.04, "id": 389}, {"text": " in just over 13 hours.", "start": 1624.04, "stop": 1625.74, "id": 390}, {"text": " The record had been a 50-digit number. There actually is a practical aspect of", "start": 1625.74, "stop": 1630.5, "id": 391}, {"text": " this, since many computer security systems are based on the supposed", "start": 1630.5, "stop": 1634.08, "id": 392}, {"text": " impossibility of factoring numbers of that size.", "start": 1634.08, "stop": 1637.16, "id": 393}, {"text": " Well, we often hear that one of the wonderful things about computers on the", "start": 1638.16, "stop": 1640.96, "id": 394}, {"text": " job is that they never call in sick.", "start": 1640.96, "stop": 1642.52, "id": 395}, {"text": " Well, one computer did this week in Sacramento after being", "start": 1642.96, "stop": 1646.14, "id": 396}, {"text": " shot at by two teenagers.", "start": 1646.14, "stop": 1647.64, "id": 397}, {"text": " The computer kept attendance records at a Sacramento high school. I guess", "start": 1648.08, "stop": 1651.72, "id": 398}, {"text": " the kids had cut too many classes.", "start": 1651.72, "stop": 1653.34, "id": 399}, {"text": " And a robot testified this week at a Casino Control", "start": 1654.24, "stop": 1657.48, "id": 400}, {"text": " Commission hearing in Atlantic City.", "start": 1657.48, "stop": 1659.28, "id": 401}, {"text": " A casino there wants to use the robot on the gambling floor", "start": 1659.68, "stop": 1662.5, "id": 402}, {"text": " to promote its entertainment shows.", "start": 1662.5, "stop": 1664.0, "id": 403}, {"text": " The robot said it was only one year old. The commission said the law prohibits", "start": 1664.38, "stop": 1668.24, "id": 404}, {"text": " minors from being on the gambling floor.", "start": 1668.24, "stop": 1670.7, "id": 405}, {"text": " Well, that's clearly enough from this week's Random Access File. We'll be off", "start": 1671.54, "stop": 1674.66, "id": 406}, {"text": " next week due to the holidays, but we'll see you again next year immediately", "start": 1674.66, "stop": 1678.08, "id": 407}, {"text": " following the Computer Chronicles.", "start": 1678.08, "stop": 1679.58, "id": 408}, {"text": " I'm Stuart Chafay.", "start": 1680.1, "stop": 1681.02, "id": 409}, {"text": " Random Access is made possible by a grant from Byte, the Small Systems Journal,", "start": 1681.84, "stop": 1686.94, "id": 410}, {"text": " publishers of a monthly magazine on microcomputer technology and innovative", "start": 1687.36, "stop": 1691.46, "id": 411}, {"text": " projects in the world of computing.", "start": 1691.46, "stop": 1693.52, "id": 412}]}